Prohibition of Torture in the case of Guantanamo Bay Essay

Forbiddance of Torture on account of Guantanamo Bay - Essay Example As much as individuals will in general feel that it is something of the past, it in reality happens more than it is suspected of. Vote based nations such the United States of America which are said to maintain human rights are in truth guilty parties of excusing torment. For instance, there has been a great deal of proof through recordings spilled through the web and different types of media that embroil the United States of America approving torment in Guantanamo cove. The primary Government authority to acknowledge that to be sure torment took place in Guantanamo cove confinement camp was Secretary of Defense Robert Gates. What is the Guantanamo Bay Detention camp? After the 2001 psychological oppressor assault, the United States government opened a military cross examination and confinement camp in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba.2 This camp was intended for holding and questioning prisoners suspected to be fear mongers. This for the most part centered around the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. Guantanamo Bay detainment camp is partitioned into three areas, that is; Camp X-beam camp delta and camp Iguana. Camp iguana was intended to hold prisoners viewed as youngsters (those younger than 16 years). â€Å"Camp X-beam was the principal area set up to keep speculated fear based oppressor yet was later supplanted by camp delta since it was an incidentally section.†3 The main prisoners to be kept in Guantanamo sound detainment camp were welcomed on January 11, 2002.... One trademark in the two is the utilization of torment. In the Middle East, Israel can be utilized for instance. This is on the grounds that; Israel is likewise delicate to psychological militant assaults as much as the United States of America. This is because of its contentions with her neighbors particularly Palestine. In the two situations confinement of fear suspects is managed with no court procedure. In the Middle East, there are different strategies for torment. One such strategy is choking of suspects utilizing a towel and water during cross examination. This is the place a detainee is held down or tied confronting upward and his face secured with a towel or a fabric. Water is then poured on the towel. â€Å"The procedure of water cross examination makes a suffocating feeling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...’ The equivalent is done in Guantanamo Bay confinement camp. In both Guantanamo Bay confinement camp and detainment camps in Israel, water cross examination is the most utilized type of torment during cross examination. In the Middle East prisoners are likewise genuinely tormented, and they are exposed to a great deal of mortification. For instance, in Iraq, there have been reports of ladies prisoners being stripped bare. Iraqi warriors and police officers are known for their obtuse method of dealing with prisoners and detainees. They abuse them to the degree of peeing on them. The equivalent was going on in Guantanamo cove detainment camp. Lesser Ethics in Relation to Torture and the Geneva Conventions Terrorism has achieved another discussion in the United States of America, yet in the entire world too. This is on the grounds that the Geneva Convention precludes torment of any warrior, prisoner, non military personnel and detainees of war. The Geneva shows are settlements marked by the global network.

Learning styles in fact to face and online environments

Presentation Stakeholders in the instruction business have scrutinized online training as a result of different reasons. In any case, it is developing that distinctions in understudy attributes might be a noteworthy supporter of the apparent insufficiency of web based learning. One quality is understudy learning styles; if teachers find out about the connection between learning styles and instruction condition (on the web or eye to eye) at that point they may improve their outcomes.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Learning styles in truth to confront and online situations explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relationship between learning styles and training condition (online versus conventional) The hypothetical model of learning style segments expresses that learning styles are subject to three key elements: understudy inspiration, task commitment and intellectual handling propensities (Aragon et. al. 2002, p. 233). They depict understudy inspir ation as a learner’s state of inspiration when introduced by another assignment. Once in a while, understudies may exhibit free inspiration conduct or ward conduct. In different situations, inspiration could be avoidant or participatory. On occasion, it might be communitarian or serious. Undertaking commitment is the degree to which an understudy will focus on specific parts of their training. This might be shown by their excitement, fixation levels or the manner in which they take an interest in class. A student’s level of tension, their mentality, focus, booking, testing systems and numerous different components outline the degree of errand commitment (Aragon et. al. 2002, p. 236). Psychological control is the way where a student forms data. The understudy for the most part exhibits this by their intelligent perception, which is one’s capacity to consider what they have watched. In specific conditions, this boundary could be showed as solid experience. Dynamic conceptualisation is additionally another method of showing intellectual control, and the far edge of this range is dynamic experimentation. It is wise to know whether online understudies have a more prominent inclination for intelligent perception or solid experience or whether they like to analyze effectively in class. A similar data is very helpful for customary understudies, too. Aragon et. al. (2002) completed an investigation of the contrasts between online students’ learning styles and conventional understudies. They discovered â€Å"traditional understudies were increasingly viable at utilizing supporting materials and methods than their online counterparts† (Aragon et. al. 2002, p. 236). Along these lines, study helps are more appropriate in eye to eye settings than in online networks. Moreover, â€Å"online understudies like to utilize intelligent perception more than their up close and personal counterparts† (Aragon et. al. 2002, p. 237). This implie s the degree to which online understudies learn by observing and doing is more prominent than it is among customary students.Advertising Looking for article on dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, theoretical conceptualisation is another method of guidance conveyance that online students lean toward over their up close and personal partners. This implies the web, as a strategy for showing conveyance, is equal with â€Å"learning by thinking† (Aragon et. al. 2002, p. 237). Vis-à-vis students have a more noteworthy inclination for dynamic experimentation contrasted with their online companions. This implies instructors in the customary condition should encourage educating through doing. On the other hand, instructors in the online network should grasp more reflection (Aragon et. al. 2002, p. 243). End Differences between favored learning styles in the vis-à-vis condition versus the online condition demonstrate that understudies get information in an unexpected way. In this way, teachers must fuse those inclinations in the manner in which they convey material to their understudies. The two settings can yield good outcomes if instructors utilize the correct methodology. The fundamental contrast between the two gatherings is intellectual control as up close and personal understudies incline toward a hands-on approach while online understudies do well with intelligent reasoning. Reference Aragon, S, Johnson, S Shaik, N 2002, ‘A fundamental examination of the impact of learning style inclination on understudy achievement in online versus eye to eye environments’, American Journal of Distance Education, vol. 16 no. 4, pp. 227-243. This exposition on Learning styles in actuality to confront and online conditions was composed and presented by client The Fury to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

The Rise and Decline of the Socialist party in America Free Essays

The Rise and Decline of the Socialist Party in the United States Throughout American history, there have been a variety of groups competing for votes in our majority rule arrangement of government. These associations comprise of pioneers who put stock in a thought and have created approaches to accomplish that thought. Achievement of a political association, or gathering, depends on how well pioneers can persuade individuals to tail them and Join their positions. We will compose a custom paper test on The Rise and Decline of the Socialist party in America or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Communism as a political thought depends on helpful proprietorship and redistribution of merchandise, administrations, and creation. The Socialist Party of America was one group whose roots are situated in communism. Made in 1901, the SPA was framed by the mix of the Social Democratic Party of America, a brief development, and the Social Labor Party, a working man’s party. This mix pulled in new individuals, just as individuals from the dynamic and populist parties, which made up most of the SPA. The ascent of the Socialist Party of America was energized by the working keeps an eye on want for an idealistic culture. Crusade guarantees for open responsibility for, better sanitation, and a government disability program, at neighborhood levels, prompted the party’s highpoint in 1912. These little victories were fleeting. The American residents feeling of independence and pride just as a need obtaining news individuals and bolster set the wheels of disappointment moving. The party’s steadfast resistance to association in World War I and the removal of its individuals prompted The Socialist Party’s last second. Group polarization inside the gathering injured a once brought together front, lastly President Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal† enactment adequately hushed the American Socialist gathering. The heredity of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) can be followed back to the mid 1850s. The United States was a clamoring country brimming with circumstance. Perpetual new eginnings and opportunities spoke to European residents who were searching for a superior life. Looking for a superior life, a blast in 1850 brought 1,713,000 workers through Ellis island, carrying alongside them their philosophical thoughts of socialisml . The bombed German upset of 1848 acquired the resettlement of Germans to America. A portion of these foreigners were the scholarly pioneers of the bombed upset, however most were ruined Germans that lost trust in their legislature to accommodate them the fundamental necessities of life. Alongside Germans, Italians, Finns, Jews, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Bohemians and Russians came to America toting their communist values2. Finns were especially solid in their communists thoughts. Settling in the Midwest, previous Finnish residents imported a progressive viewpoint of communism to Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan3. Into the nineteenth century, German workers settling in Midwestern urban communities, for example, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Dayton, Ohio, and St. Louis, Missouri put fourth significant data sources and gave body to the development of communism in the United States. Foreigners to the United States were not by any means the only ones looking for change. The way of thinking ot communism in the states was seen witn no enthusiasm by American itizens. This has to do with the character of American culture and our perspectives. American culture has kept up a confidence in independence, monetary progression, and equivalent open door in the marketplace4. To put it plainly, Americans put their confidence in free enterprise. However, private enterprise doesn't generally bargain everybody a reasonable hand and there are irregularities in the market. This prompted arrangement of radical, outsider communist based developments in America’s conventional two gathering political range. These outsiders were seen as radical on the grounds that during the 1850’s to the 1930’s there was a declaration of profound doubt towards the extension and ntervention of states by residents concerning their private affairs5. Options in contrast to communism were made. The Progressive party’s projects of unassuming state mediation through government authoritative order to save singular rights, enterprising qualities, and the key entrepreneur structure, spoke to numerous Americans as a moderate option to socialism6. The Populist party was one other outsider development the fiddled with communist thoughts. Running on a foundation of government intercession to counterbalance financial difficulties and forestalling destitution in cultivating and orking class families at last prompted most of the gathering comprising of cultivating and regular workers families. Numerous Populists would leave to become socialists7. Out of these developments, a man named Eugene V. Debs would step forward to touch off and join what might at last be known as the Socialist Party of America. Eugene â€Å"Gene† Victor Debs Was conceived in Terre Haute, Indiana on November fifth, 1855 and passed on October twentieth, 1926 in Elmhurst, Illinois at 70 years old years old. Debs was one of the establishing individuals from the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), an establishing individual from the American Railway Union and a democrat in the Indiana General Assembly. Eugene Debs would abandon a heritage similar to the most notable Socialist in the United States8. In 1894, the American railroad vehicle maker Pullman Company decreased hours and wages however not leases on lodging for their laborers. This brought about a strike by the representatives who at that point had Joined Debs’s American Railway Union. The strike was separated by President Grover Cleveland and Debs was detained for neglecting to contradict the strike as pioneer of the ARU9. In jail Debs sat back by perusing work composed by Karl Marx. Discharged in 1895, Debs had become a communist who accepted apitalism ought to be supplanted by another agreeable framework. Debs was for upheld radical change, yet was against the progressive brutality bolstered by some notable left-wing political movements10. In 1897 Debs Joined Victor Berger to shape the Social Democratic Party (SDP). The SDP was a brief communist development that ran Eugene Debs as a competitor in the 1900 presidential political decision. Subsequent to accepting just . 6% of the votes, the Social Democratic gathering joined with the considerably littler group, the Socialist Labor Party of Americal 1 making the Socialist Party of America SPA) in 1901. The recently made SPA pulled in individuals with different connections to communism. Between the years ot 1 to 1912, the gathering developed trom 1 individuals to under 1 The segment areas of postulations voters went from the East coast toward the West coast with most of gathering individuals being in Midwestern states. The SPA drew support from Progressives, Populist ranchers over the heartland, associations and unionists with the most democratic 2 quality originating from outsiders. 13 The communist Journal Appeal to Reason14, a blend of articles and concentrates from radical communism based writers, for example, Karl Marks and Tom Paine, was selling 500,000 duplicates every week. In this way giving an approach to promote their thoughts and gathering stage. The quality of the SPA was controlled by the individuals who utilized a vote to cast their voice. Neighborhood level triumphs dabbed the guide from East to West. New York state and New Jersey were two expresses that had reliable SPA voters because of workers. The Midwest end up being the place the most elevated grouping of SPA individuals lived. Ohio, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin were the solid holds comprised of German migrants and Populist ranchers. SPA individuals running as competitors attempted to engage the working man. Open responsibility for, better city sanitation administrations for poor people, better work gauges and a government managed savings program chose 70 chairmen into officel 5. SPA triumphs at the government level were little. Eugene Debs ran as a presidential applicant in each political decision somewhere in the range of 1900 and 1912, and once in 1920. 1900’s political race was terrible. Debs got just . 6% of the well known vote. In 1904 Debs Ran again and got an expansion in votes, 402,810 3% of the well known vote. Voter turnout in the 1908 political decision was marginally higher, 420,793 decisions in favor of Debs. The appointment of 1912 indicated the Socialist Party of Americas highpoint. There was 117,984 individuals from the SPA, and Eugene Debs got a sum of 901 ,551 votes, 6% of the famous vote. This was the most noteworthy appearing of any presidential up-and-comer in any United States political race. 6 At the flare-up of World War I in 1914, the SPA took a resolute resistance against the war. They were against every single universal war however not contradicted to class fighting. This restriction to the war made enrollment decay and began strife inside the gathering itself. In 1919, The left Wing Section of the Socialist party rose as a group inside the Socialist Party of America. During a political race to choose new board individuals from the SPA, it was seen that the Left Wing Section of the Socialist party was going to pick up most of seats. Those not in the group ruled against this and said that votes were thrown in fake habits. These votes were not counted and the entire political race was dismissed. On the 24th of May, 1919 the initiative removed 20,000 individuals who bolstered the Soviet government. The procedure proceeded and by the start of July 66% of the gathering had been suspended or ousted. These ousted individuals would before long Join together to for the Communist Party of America. The development of radicals stressed President Cleveland and his organization. America before long went into the Red Scare. On seventh November, 1919, the second commemoration of the Russian Revolution, more than 10,000 presumed socialists and revolutionaries were captured in what got known as the Palmer Raids. No proof an insurgency was tound however numerous radicals were as yet kept in Jaill accordingly ot these strikes individuals were hesitant to Join liberal radical gatherings out of dread of being known as a socialist, which could resu

Tenzing Norgay Biography

Tenzing Norgay Biography 11:30 am, May 29, 1953. Sherpa Tenzing Norgay and New Zealands Edmund Hillary step onto the highest point of Mount Everest, the universes tallest mountain. In the first place, they shake hands, as appropriate individuals from a British mountaineering crew, however then Tenzing snatches Hillary in an overflowing embrace at the highest point of the world. They wait just around 15 minutes. Hillary snaps a photograph as Tenzing spreads out the banners of Nepal, the United Kingdom, India and the United Nations. Tenzing is new to the camera, so there is no photograph of Hillary at the culmination. The two climbers at that point start their plunge back to high camp #9. They have vanquished Chomolungma, the Mother of the World, 29,029 feet (8,848 meters) above ocean level. Tenzings Early Life Tenzing Norgay was brought into the world the eleventh of thirteen youngsters in May of 1914. His folks named him Namgyal Wangdi, yet a Buddhist lama later proposed he change it to Tenzing Norgay (well off and lucky adherent of the lessons). The specific date and conditions of his introduction to the world are contested. In spite of the fact that in his personal history, Tenzing professes to have been conceived in Nepal to a Sherpa family, it appears to be more probable that he was conceived in the Kharta Valley of Tibet. When the familys yaks passed on in a plague, his edgy guardians sent Tenzing to live with a Nepalese Sherpa family as a contractually obligated slave. Prologue to Mountaineering At 19, Tenzing Norgay moved to Darjeeling, India, where there was a sizable Sherpa people group. There, the British Everest endeavor pioneer Eric Shipton saw him and recruited him as a high-height watchman for a 1935 observation of the northern (Tibetan) face of the mountain. Tenzing would go about as a watchman for two extra British endeavors on the northern side during the 1930s, however this course would be shut off to westerners by the thirteenth Dalai Lama in 1945. Alongside Canadian mountain climber Earl Denman and Ange Dawa Sherpa, Tenzing snuck over the Tibetan fringe in 1947 to make another endeavor on Everest. They were turned around at around 22,000 feet (6,700 meters) by a beating blizzard. Geopolitical Turmoil The year 1947 was a wild one in South Asia. India accomplished its autonomy, finishing the British Raj, and afterward split into India and Pakistan. Nepal, Burma, and Bhutan likewise needed to rearrange themselves after the British exit. Tenzing had been living in what became Pakistan with his first spouse, Dawa Phuti, however she died at a youthful age there. During the 1947 Partition of India, Tenzing returned his two little girls and moved to Darjeeling, India. In 1950, China attacked Tibet and attested command over it, fortifying the restriction on outsiders. Fortunately, the Kingdom of Nepal was starting to open its fringes to remote explorers. The next year, a little exploratory gathering made up for the most part of Britons explored the southern, Nepalese way to deal with Everest. Among the gathering were a little gathering of Sherpas, including Tenzing Norgay, and an exceptional climber from New Zealand, Edmund Hillary. In 1952, Tenzing joined a Swiss campaign drove by the acclaimed climber Raymond Lambert as it made an endeavor on the Lhotse Face of Everest. Tenzing and Lambert got as high as 28,215 feet (8,599 meters), under 1,000 feet from the culmination before they were turned around by awful climate. The 1953 Hunt Expedition The next year, another British campaign drove by John Hunt set out for Everest. It was the eighth significant campaign since 1852, including in excess of 350 watchmen, 20 Sherpa aides, and 13 western mountain dwellers, including indeed Edmund Hillary. Tenzing Norgay was recruited on as a mountain dweller, as opposed to as a Sherpa control - a sign of the regard his abilities caused in the European ascending world. It was Tenzings seventh Everest undertaking. Tenzing and Edmund Hillary Albeit Tenzing and Hillary would not turn out to be close companions until long after their notable accomplishment, they immediately figured out how to regard each other as mountain dwellers. Tenzing even spared Hillarys life in the beginning times of the 1953 endeavor. The two were roped together, advancing over the ice-field at the base of Everest, the New Zealander driving, when Hillary bounced a chasm. The frigid cornice he arrived on severed, sending the lean mountain climber tumbling down into the precipice. Ultimately, Tenzing had the option to fix the rope and forestall his climbing accomplice from crushing onto the stones at the base of the precipice. Push for the Summit The Hunt undertaking made its base camp in March of 1953, at that point gradually settled eight higher camps, acclimatizing themselves to the elevation en route. By late May, they were inside striking separation of the culmination. The initial two-man group to make the push was Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans, on May 26, however they needed to turn around only 300 feet shy of the culmination when one of their breathing devices fizzled. After two days, Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary set out at 6:30 am for their endeavor. Tenzing and Hillary tied on their breathing devices on that completely clear morning and began kicking ventures into the frosty day off. By 9 am they had arrived at the South Summit, underneath the genuine culmination. In the wake of climbing the uncovered, 40-foot vertical stone currently called the Hillary Step, the two crossed an edge and adjusted the last bend corner to end up large and in charge. Tenzings Later Life The recently delegated Queen Elizabeth II knighted Edmund Hillary and John Hunt, however Tenzing Norgay got just the British Empire Medal instead of a knighthood. In 1957, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru advocated Tenzings endeavors to prepare South Asian young men and young ladies in mountaineering aptitudes and give grants to their investigations. Tenzing himself had the option to live serenely after his Everest triumph, and he tried to broaden a similar way out of destitution to others. After the demise of his first spouse, Tenzing wedded two other ladies. His subsequent spouse was Ang Lahmu, who had no offspring of her own however cared for Dawa Phutis enduring little girls, and his third wife was Dakku, with whom Tenzing had three children and a little girl. At 61 years old, Tenzing was chosen by King Jigme Singye Wangchuck to control the primary outside sightseers permitted into the Kingdom of Bhutan. After three years, he built up Tenzing Norgay Adventures, a trekking organization currently oversaw by his child Jamling Tenzing Norgay. On May 9, 1986, Tenzing Norgay died at 71 years old. Various sources list his reason for death as either a cerebral discharge or a bronchial condition. Consequently, a biography that starts with a riddle likewise finishes with one. Tenzing Norgays Legacy It has been a long road...From a mountain coolie, a carrier of burdens, to a wearer of a coat with lines of awards who is conveyed about in planes and stresses over annual expense. ~ Tenzing Norgay obviously, Tenzing could have stated, From a youngster sold into subjugation, however he never preferred to discuss the conditions of his adolescence. Naturally introduced to granulating neediness, Tenzing Norgay actually arrived at the highest point of worldwide distinction. He turned into an image of accomplishment for the new country of India, his receptive home, and helped various other South Asian individuals (Sherpas and others the same) increase an agreeable way of life through mountaineering. Likely in particular to him, this man who never figured out how to peruse (however he could communicate in six dialects) had the option to send his four most youthful kids to great colleges in the United States. They live very well today however consistently offer back to ventures including the Sherpas and Mount Everest. Sources Norgay, Jamling Tenzing. Contacting my Fathers Soul: A Sherpas Journey to the Top of Everest, New York: Harper Collins, 2001. Norgay, Tenzing. Tiger of the Snows: The Autobiography of Tenzing of Everest, New York: Putnam, 1955. Rizzo, Johnna. QA: Biographer on Everest Pioneer Tenzing Norgay, National Geographic News, May 8, 2003. Salkeld, Audrey. South Side Story, PBS Nova Online Adventure, refreshed Nov. 2000.

Spatial Data Acquisition Essays - Geographic Information System

Spatial Data Acquisition Spatial information procurement and framework demonstrating: notes from the field and the lab. Name of Lecturer: Philip Graniero Department of Lecture: Earth Sciences Date and Time of Lecture: January thirteenth, 2000 at 4:30pm Purpose of Research Project: The basic role of the undertaking is to utilize model recreations to gauge spatial designs among different species in the earth. By looking at current circumstances with test results, Graniero wants to be able to anticipate spatial examples for species in the earth. This will give earthy people and researchers the same the capacity to forestall specie debacle what's more, to concentrate such regions as future environment. Depiction of Research/Technology utilized: Graniero's initial step included estimating the world's geography, under the bedrock of the surface. This test occurred in Newfoundland, Canada. To do this he took an arbitrary inspecting plan. These plans were tried at a thickness of 40 focuses per hectare. So as to bring the most exact and exhaustive information to the table, such advancements as versatile PCs and GPS frameworks were utilized. The field wherein was being tried end up being very hard to gauge because of the changing framework and the popularity of physical asset. His target despite everything continued as before however, to take this information and run a model that would empower him gauge spatial information on different species. The model he utilized was known as Cellular Automation (CA). The models properties were as follows: a limited arrangement of discrete states and a state progress rule where the following state is dictated by; current cell state, conditions of the closest neighbors, and the condition of different layers. The model worked in explicit advances. Initial, a spatial structure was manufactured. Second, information was gathered from it. Third, the reenactment of various assortment offices were advanced. Fourth, the model data was contrasted with the conduct of genuine frameworks. Fifth, the model was rehashed with arbitrary introductory conditions. A large number of preliminaries were finished now. This model is regularly alluded to as a virtual lab. When the data was taken at the finish of each test, it was sent to handling units where it was concentrated as a matrix. These networks were then used to study the spatial examples of different species. Such future models will be more perplexing and increasingly explicit, in this manner indicating species natural surroundings and transient patterns. Altering the factors in the model can permit researchers to quantify such exercises as the populace thickness of an animal types. Through the test there were three trial sets. These included populaces, aggravations, and asset mapping. The asset spatial structure additionally fluctuated from uniform, smooth, and inconsistent situations (soil and woods types). End: This data is entirely significant to naturalists and society all in all due to the way that it watches out for species that might be at serious risk and screens the move starting with a one area then onto the next over a given time span. Permitting researchers to foresee the environment and thickness of species in given zones with such models keeps people mindful of the effect they may have. This secures the fate of species and safeguards that people don't meddle with its environment also. Taking everything into account, the model is helpful and as it develops and becomes increasingly advanced it ought to end up being a significant asset to ecological researchers.

Types of Psychotherapy for Depression

Types of Psychotherapy for Depression Depression Treatment Print Types of Psychotherapy for Depression By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 18, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Tetra Images / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Cognitive Therapy Behavioral Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy   Dialectical Behavior Therapy Psychodynamic Therapy Interpersonal Therapy   Psychotherapy Formats View All Psychotherapy is often called talk therapy because it involves an individual and a psychotherapist sitting in a room talking, but it is much more than that. Psychotherapists have training in a variety of techniques that may be employed in order to help people to recover from mental illness, resolve personal issues, and create desired changes in their lives. Psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for depression because it can help you delve into possible underlying reasons for your depression and learn new coping skills. Many of the therapeutic modalities described below have evidence supporting their benefit in treating depression. Several studies suggest, however, that the combination of an antidepressant and psychotherapy is the best approach, because of the biopsychosocial origins of most mood disorders. There are many different types of therapy that can be effective in treating depression. The kind that is right for you can depend on a variety of factors including the severity of your symptoms, your own personal preferences, and your therapy goals. Cognitive Therapy At the heart of cognitive therapy is the idea that our thoughts can affect our emotions. For example, if we choose to look for the silver lining in every experience, we will be more likely to feel good as opposed to if we only focus on the negative. Negative thoughts can contribute to and exacerbate depression. It is hard to feel good when you are stuck in a constant loop of negative thoughts. Cognitive therapy helps people learn to identify common patterns of negative thinking (known as cognitive distortions) and to turn those negative thought patterns into more positive ones, thus improving your mood. Cognitive therapy is usually short-term and goal-focused. Therapy sessions are structured with a specific plan for each session, and you will be expected to do homework practice outside of therapy. Cognitive therapy usually lasts between six to 18 weeks. How Cognitive Therapy Works Behavioral Therapy Where cognitive therapy is focused on the negative thoughts that contribute to depression, behavior therapy is centered on changing behaviors that impact emotions. One common focus of behavioral treatment for depression is behavioral activation. This entails helping patients engage in activities that will enhance their feelings of well-being. How Behavioral Therapy Works Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy   Because cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy work well together to help depression and anxiety disorders, the two are often combined in an approach called cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT focuses on addressing both the negative thought patterns as well as the behaviors that contribute to depression. Your therapist may ask you to keep a journal to track the events that happen in the week and any self-defeating and negative reactions to those events. Habitual negative responses to events (known as automatic negative reactions) are just one pattern of thinking you might address over the course of CBT. Other common response patterns include all-or-nothing thinking and overgeneralization.   Once you have learned how to identify this kind of response, you will work with your therapist to learn new thinking patterns and ways of responding. You might also practice positive self-talk. Like cognitive and behavioral therapy, CBT is usually brief and goal-oriented. It generally involves between five to 20 structured sessions centered around addressing specific concerns. CBT sessions are often accompanied by homework, which may include keeping a journal, practicing relaxation activities, completing readings, and using worksheets focused on specific goals. Research suggests that CBT can be effective in the treatment of depression and that it may have lasting effects that prevent future relapse of depressive symptoms.?? How Cognitive Behavior Therapy Works Dialectical Behavior Therapy Dialectical behavior therapy is a type of CBT. Its main goal is to teach people with depression the skills to cope with stress, regulate emotions, and improve relationships with others. This type of psychotherapy also incorporates mindfulness practices from Buddhist traditions and the use of crisis coaching in which an individual can call the therapist to receive guidance on how to handle difficult situations. As the person practices these new skills more and more, they will become better at handling these challenging situations on their own. The National Alliance on Mental Health states that DBT has been shown to be effective in the treatment of mental illnesses, including depression.   How Dialectical Behavior Therapy Works Psychodynamic Therapy Psychodynamic therapy, also sometimes known as psychoanalytic therapy, is based on the assumption that depression can occur because of unresolvedâ€"usually unconsciousâ€"conflicts, often originating from childhood. The goals of this type of therapy are for the patient to become more aware of their full range of emotions, including contradictory and troubling ones, and to help the patient more effectively bear these feelings and put them in a more useful perspective. Unlike some of the other treatment approaches for depression, psychodynamic therapy tends to be less focused and longer-term. This approach can be useful for finding connections in past experiences and seeing how those events might contribute to feelings of depression. This approach can also be helpful for building your self-awareness and increasing certain emotional capacities. How Psychoanalytic Therapy Works Interpersonal Therapy   Interpersonal conflict and poor social support can also contribute to feelings of depression. Interpersonal therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on these issues by addressing past and present social roles and interpersonal interactions. During treatment, the therapist generally chooses one or two problem areas in the persons current life to focus on. This type of therapy is usually brief and involves examining social relationships with important people in your life. This can include your relationships with your partner, friends, family, and co-workers. The goal is to identify the role these relationships play in your life and find ways of resolving conflicts that exist.   Your therapist might ask you to role-play different scenarios in order to practice and improve communication. By doing this, the hope is that you will be able to implement these strategies in your relationships and build a stronger social support system. How Interpersonal Therapy Works Psychotherapy Formats Psychotherapy can also be delivered in a number of different ways. In some cases, your treatment may incorporate two or more forms, such as meeting individually with your therapist followed by the occasional group session where you can practice new skills. Common psychotherapy formats include: Individual Therapy:  This modality involves one-on-one work between patient and therapist. It allows the patient to have the full attention of the therapist but is limited in that it does not allow the therapist an opportunity to observe the patient within social or family relationships.Family Therapy:  This approach is most useful when it is necessary to work on dynamics within the family group. Family therapy can be especially helpful for children and teens.Group Therapy:  Group therapy generally involves anywhere from three to 15 people. It offers everyone the opportunity to give and receive group support in coping with their particular issues and gives therapists the chance to observe how they interact in group settings. It may also be a less expensive alternative to individual therapy.Couples Therapy:  This type of therapy is geared toward married couples and those in committed relationships who desire to improve their functioning as a couple. How to Choose a Technique and Therapist Recommendations from others can often be the best way to find a good therapist but, in the end, its up to you to decide whether or not the two of you click. It may be helpful to interview a new therapist and, if you feel that things are not working, to try a new one. How to Find a Therapist

English Literature Dissertations

The chorus in Aeschylus Agamemnon clearly elucidates the Aristotelian principle of tragedy: Zeus, whose will has marked for man the sole way where wisdom lies, ordered one eternal plan: Man must suffer to be wise. Elizabethan tragedy is derived from this moralised model of tragedy as depicted by Aristotle in his Poetics. As a genre, Elizabethan tragedy is distinguished from that of Shakespeare, although Shakespeares tragedies are often held as the epitome of the tragic form. Indeed, the Oxford English Dictionary cites only two quotations from the Renaissance under the entry for tragedy, both of which are from Shakespeare. There appears to be a deliberate judgment in including Shakespeare in the dramatic cannon to the exclusion of such influential playwrights as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Heywood and John Webster. Although it is clear that Shakespeare made an important contribution to the development of modern tragedy, derived from classical models, contemporary dramatists were much more formative in negotiating Aristotelian models of tragedy with the new philosophical, social and political climate of the Renaissance. Philips Sidneys defence of the tragic form in An Apologie for Poetrie (1595) articulates the moral and didactic purpose of poetry. So that the right vse of Comedy will (I thinke) by no body be blamed, and much lesse of the high and excellent Tragedy; that openeth the greatest wounds, and sheweth forth the Vlcers, that are couered with Tissues: that maketh Kinges feare to be Tyrants, and Tyrants manifest their tirannicall humors: that with stirring the affects of admiration and commiseration, teacheth, the vncertainety of this world, and vpon howe weake foundations guilden roofes are built (Sidney F3v-F4) The emphasis on moral instruction is clear, and informed the tragic form in the both Shakespearean and non-Shakespearean dramas. Tragedy, according to Aristotle, is noble and concerned with lofty matters, as opposed to the flippant and crude nature of comedy. Sidney defines the function of tragedy as uncovering the greatest wounds of the inherently weake foundations of the world. Tragedy, therefore, produces an emotional response in the audience by exposing human flaws, which allows them to participate in a form of moral regeneration. Thomas Heywoods An Apology for Actors (1612) also cites the classical model of tragedy in order to elevate English drama in general by accentuating the morally instructive nature of tragedy, as well as to tie his own works to the legitimate tradition of tragedy. If we present a Tragedy, we include the fatall and abortiue ends of such as commit notorious murders, which is aggrauated and acted with all the Art that may be, to terrifie men from the like ab horred practises (Heywood F3v). Heywood thus believes that the tragic downfall of the moral, but flawed, hero is a terrifying lesson to the audience through the pity and fear evoked by watching the play itself, a notion described by Aristotle and termed by modern scholars as catharsis. Despite Heywoods belief in the moral power of tragedy, Renaissance tragedy, for the most part, does not live up to the Aristotelean model. For Stephen Greenblatt (1980), Renaissance theatre, named after a queen whose power is constituted in theatrical celebrations of royal glory and theatrical violence visited upon the enemies of that glory, replays the process of provoking subversion central to the states authorization of its own power: the form itself, as a primary expression of Renaissance power, contains the radical doubts it continually produces (297). Thus, any echo of Aristotelian notions of tragedy in the works of playwrights such as Heywood, Marlowe, Webster, and even Shakespeare, can be seen not as a insistence upon the dramatic perfection of classical forms, but as a means of lending legitimacy to the challenge to political and cultural structures. As Moretti (1982) observed in respect of English Renaissance tragedy one of the decisive influences in the creation of a public that for the first time in history assumed the right to bring a king to justice Tragedy disentitled the absolute monarch to all ethical and rational legitimation. Having deconsecrated the king, it thus made it possible to decapitate him (7-8). Rather than reinforcing the social order and legitimizing divine ordination, tragedy opened up the political elite to the possibility of human frailty. Renaissance tragedy can be defined as a violent series of events that is built upon the murder and revenge, concerning characters primarily motivated by jealousy, greed, and anger. According to Aristotle, the tragic hero must be of noble stature, and while his greatness is readily apparent, he is not perfect. Tragedies often concern the aristocratic elite and thus personal tragedies extend to tragedies of state. The tone of the play is sombre, clearly relating the grief and sorrow of the characters themselves. This language of lamentation serves as a warning against the destructive potential of vice and depravity, and can be linked to the Medieval morality plays. Although the presence of other non-dramatic sources conceives a national tradition of tragedy which was established on the English stage as early as 1587, with the performance of Thomas Kyds The Spanish Tragedy. Both The Spanish Tragedy and Marlowes Tamburlaine, performed in the late 1580s, exhibit the beginnings of true Renaissance tragedy. Derived from the revenge plays of Seneca, The Spanish Tragedy is a play which satisfied the Aristotelian need for a binary model of moral order, which is complicated by the relations of individual justice to the social and divine order. Tamburlaine, however, moves away from the reductive moralising of earlier poetry and reflects the influence of the Reformation on the dramatic arts, as the theatre established a new place where human possibilities could be envisioned with new freedom. Marlowe is fully aware that he is making the stage the vehicle of a new consciousness: Onely this (Gentlemen) we must performe, The form of Faustus fortunes good or bad. To patient Iudgements we appeale our plaude. (Marlowe, Faustus, 7-9) This appeal to the moral purpose of the play is misleading, for neither Faustus nor Tamberlaine are characters directed by their moral choices. Tamberlaine, it is arguable, is an agent of God while at the same time exercising his free will with no apparent consequence. Marlowe appears to be addressing familiar issues of blasphemous defiance, tyranny, cruelty and arrogance in Tamburlaine, but ironically he presents these issues as the glory of the tragic hero. Unlike traditional tragedies, there is no stable moral framework, with the result that the audience is left feeling uneasy with the divine implications of the heros downfall. Tamburlaine, rather than submit to his pre-ordained fate, boasts of his own dynamic power: I hold the Fates bound fast in yron chaines, And with my hand turne Fortunes wheel about (369-70) Fate and Fortune, two of the most conventional symbols of human limitation, are here manipulated by the hero not as a sign of his hubris, but rather as a heroic achievement. Marlowe uses this gross inversion as a reflection of the changing values in Renaissance society. As Stephen Greenblatt (1980) says, Marlowe writes in the period in which European man embarked on his extraordinary career of consumption, his eager pursuit of knowledge, with one intellectual model after another seized, squeezed dry, and discarded, and his frenzied exhaustion of the worlds resources (199). The Enlightenment saw the questioning of fundamental assumptions about mans place in the world, a uncertainty reflected in the ambiguous relation between the tragic hero and his divinely ordained fate. C. L. Barber (1988) has commented on the way in which the audience engages with such egotistic individualism of the tragic hero, noting the role of the triumphal individual in the Renaissance and the significance of individualistic prophesying as a disruptive form of expression that challenged the authority and legitimacy of the Church and state. Marlowe writes at a time of religious transition and new philosophical notions of self-consciousness, and appropriates religious language and symbolism to launch an attack on the Church. Tamburlaine rebels against divine, political and social order, and in doing so sets himself beyond limitation and definition, alwaiies moouing as the restles Spheares (876). Tamburlaines rebellion is an uneasy one, for there is no possibility of reconciliation and restoration of order. Theridama, the Chiefest Captain of Mycetes hoste, reveals this as he says: Tamburlaine? A Scythian Shepheard, so imbelished With Natures pride, and richest furniture, His looks do menace heauen an dare the Gods What stronge enchantments tice my yielding soule? Won with they words, conquered with thy looks, I yield my selfe, my men horse to thee (350-52, 419, 423-4) Liberation is here figured as one of two choices: to reject the divine or to take it over. In Tamburlaines case, he alternatively threatens heaven and dares the gods, or claims identity with the divine to sanction his violence: til by vision, or by speech I heare / Immortall Ioue say, Cease my Tamburlaine, / I will persist a terrour to the world (3873-75). Tamburlaine self-aggrandizement is given divine legitimacy: Tamburlaine believes that his tyranny and martial lust are condoned through the gods through their silence. The two-part Tamburlaine is based on the historical figure of Timur, a bloody conqueror of Asia, whose greed for power and extravagance culminates with his inevitable downfall. Tamburlaine deviates from the tragic norm in his depiction of the tragic hero; Tamburlaine is not humbled by his dramatic fall, and no moral lesson is learned and repentance achieved. Tamburlaine does not conform to the model of the tragic hero set out in Poetics. The tragic hero is fated to make a serious error which will cause his fall and tragic death, usually caused by hubris, or prideful arrogance, but he remains likeable to the audience for his inherent goodness. Tamburlaine, in contrast, is a character whose goodness is notably absent. In contrast the Aristotlean model, in which the tragic hero is noble from birth, Tamburlaine is an obscure Scythian shepherd in the opening of part 1. He quickly ascends through his bravery and his eloquent speech, and his ferocity on the battlefield. Tamburlaine sees him self as the scourge of God and even dreams of leading his armies in war against the divine army in heaven. In a scene in which Tamburlaine has defeated Cosroe, he responds to Cosroes demands for the reasons behind his treachery. Nature, that framd us of four elements Warring within our breasts for regiment, Doth teach us all to have aspiring minds: Our souls, whose faculties can comprehend The wondrous architecture of the world, And measure every wandering planets course, Still climbing after knowledge infinite, And always moving as the restless spheres, Wills us to wear ourselves and never rest, Until we reach the ripest fruit of all, That perfect bliss and sole felicity, The sweet fruition of an earthly crown. (I.iv. 13-29) With this final line Tamburlaine snatches the crown from dying Cosroes head and places it on his own head, assuming the power of divine legitimacy for himself. Reordering the humours as in constant opposition, rather than harmonious order, is to legitimize his own militaristic behaviour as part of the natural world. He is, in essence, creating himself out of nothing, as he became an emperor from a shepherd, and as such is taking over the divine role of creation. In doing so, he upsets the authority of the moral order, and even his death does not resolve the moral hierarchy. Thomas Heywoods A Woman Killed with Kindness (1603) is described as a domestic tragedy as it deals not with the tragic downfall of the elite, but on the relationship between a husband and wife. Domesticity is the theme of the play, and the language is correspondingly straightforward and unadorned. In contrast with tragedies such as Hamlet or Tamburlaine, Heywoods play does not concern the intrigues and actions of the aristocratic elite or ruling order. A Woman Killed with Kindness is a morality play, concerned with the infidelity of Anne and her likely punishment. She herself expects only death upon her husbands discovery of her affair: Though I deserve a thousand thousand fold More than you can inflict, yet, once my husband, For womanhood to which I am a shame, Though once an ornament even for His sake That hath redeemd our couls, mark not my face Nor hack me with your sword, but let me go Perfect and undeformed to my tomb. (xiii.94-100) Her opinion is born out by the tradition of revenge in tragedies as well as in contemporary practice; indeed, by law husbands reserved the right to kill unfaithful wives (Powell 204). However, despite the clear Christian moralizing, Heywoods play departs drastically from the traditional structure of moral tragedy in that the tragic end of the main character results not from divine judgment and retribution, but from the effects of her wrongdoing on her own consciousness. Before the discovery of her betrayal by her husband, her guilt and remorse are apparent. You have tempted me to mischief, Master Wendoll; I have done I know not what. Well, you plead custom; That which for want of wit I granted erst I now must yield through fear. Come, come, lets in. Once oer shoes, we are straight oer head in sin (xi. 110-14) Her repentance is genuine, and carries forward her tragic end. Anne chooses to starve herself to death, thereby taking control both of her sin and her punishment. Heywood puts into dramatic form the punishment which arises from the erring characters consciousness of their guilt in the place of the punishment of an exterior physical revenge (Bowers 225). Annes emotional torment is meant as a lesson to the audience, and she makes of herself an exemplary figure, breaking away from the domestic thrust of the play towards the universal. Derived from the classical models of comedy and tragedy set out by Aristotle and envisaged by Seneca, Webseters The White Devil (1612) expands the classical tragic structure by adding elements associated with comedy: ironic repetition, theatrical self-consciousness, and inverted tragic situations. There is a repeated pattern in The White Devil of serious action followed by parody, working to undermine the dramatic tradition of tragedy to create what would become the genre of tragicomedy. Tragicomedy is a distinctly non-Aristotelian genre in which the action and subject of the play demand a tragic ending, but this ending is denied in an ironic reversal which produces the happy ending of a traditional comedy. Aristotle did, in fact, depict a kind of tragedy with a happy ending, which would later become tragicomedy, but it was not until the Renaissance that the genre was seen as a legitimate dramatic form. In The White Devil, the Duke of Florence comments on the popular dislike of the classically inspired plays which strictly conform to the structure of tragedy and comedy: My tragedy must have some idle mirth int, Else it will never pass (IV.i.119-20) The Dukes comment suggests that an increasingly demanding audience will no longer accept the single-minded classical plays of strict comedy or tragedy, but demand a sophistication of genre. The White Devil is not unique in its admission of tragicomedy, but it is treated as an expression of doubt about the tragic absolutes and as part of a critical double-vision. Incidents are repeated an parodied throughout Websters play, and this system of parallels is used to undermine the tragic status of the patrician characters. In the final scene the tragic hero Flamineo acts out a grotesque fiction of his own death, which is ironically followed by real murder. The farcical ending is paralleled with the authentic tragic image. With its elaborate system of repetition and parody, its ironic contrasts between interpretations of events, and the insistence that every incident is intimately connected with other incidents, The White Devil emphasises the shifting values and ironic double-visions of tragicomedy into the tragic framework of aspiration, failure, and ultimately death, depicting the double standard of the new society. The action of the play is confined to the relatively narrow setting of Rome and the court at Padua, hinting to the world beyond that of stage. Critics have often found the number of characters in The White Devil problematic, citing di fficulties in staging a production with so many bodies on stage. However, John Russell Brown (1940) has called attention to Websters power of using violent and crowded scenes for sudden and, therefore, striking manifestations of an individuals lies or hypocrisy, the variety of a busy trade of life (Brown 453). In the final act, the presence of so many members of the courtly society emphasises Flamineos fall from power, defining the extent of the competition for the Dukes favour and the uncertainty of Flamineos future now that his relationship with his master is ruined. As a young lord reports to Flamineo concerning Bracciano, A new vp-start: one that swears like a Falckner, and will lye in the Dukes eare day by day like a maker of Almanacks (V.i. 138-9). The White Devil deals with private behaviour made public, and public behaviour motivated by questionable private interests. Vittorias trial reveals her illicit liaison with Bracciano and the murderous consequences, but it is this public censure which results in private revenge. In comparison with Shakespearean tragedies such as Hamlet, or classical tragedies such as Oedipus Rex, the play is extremely social and emphasises Websters preoccupation with the intertwined spheres of public probity and private corruption. The White Devil focuses on the individuals freedom of choice between good and evil, human dignity and the fall from grace, binaries which appear to conform to the traditional Christian morality. Lodovico is accused by Antonelli and Gasparo: Worse then these, / You have acted certaine Murders here in Rome, / Bloody and full of horror (I.i.31-32), and Gasparo continues O my Lord / The law doth sometimes mediate, thinkes it good / Not ever to steepe violent sinnes in blood, / This gentle penance may both end your crimes, / And in the example better these bad times (I.i.33-37). Ludovico is presented a choice, but instead turns to criminality and revenge. His crimes have been presented, the possibility of reform and exoneration provided, and yet he wilfully chooses his course of conduct in spite of this. He exercises his free will, but unlike the Aristotelian tragic hero his destructive path is not redemptive in bringing out moral responsibility. The conclusion of The White Devil is ambig uous, fulfilling the catastrophic ending required of tragedy but without the suggestion of the nobility and greatness of man. Flamineo dies in despair of his worldly goods, wealth and advancement rather than in despair of his worthiness before God. There is the possibility of Flamineo accepting moral responsibility directly before his death as he reflects, While we looke up to heaven wee confound / Knowledge with knowledge (V.vi.259-60), and yet immediately before this he said , I doe not looke / Who went before, nor who shall follow mee; / Noe, at my self I will begin and end (V.vi.256-58). Although the play ends with the death of the tragic hero, as tradition dictates, this is not the satisfactory ending of classical tragedies. There is no remorse, no retraction of arrogance and greed in the face of the divine. As A.L. Kistner (1993) wondered, Where does it lie in the triumph of will, in grabbing for every expression of self that this world has to offer or in the calm discipline of self-denial for a higher picture of man? (267). Webster leaves the audience with an unsatisfactory portrait of free choice and the capacity for moral responsibility. The emergence in the 1580s of an Elizabethan tragic tradition which manipulated the limitations of classical generic boundaries points toward the developing self-consciousness of a modern culture. As evidenced in such works as Tamburlaine and The White Devil, the theatre was the site of an evolving culture in conflict with the older, traditional forms of expression. Marlowe, Webster and Heywood used the stage for the assertion and defense of an ego which was constantly threatened by powerful forces of desire and conscience, forces which [they] coped with as best as [they] could by making them conscious, by finding a form for them which would command social understanding and the control of shared social attitudes (Barber 37). The new tragic genre was a way of registering an experience of change and dislocation, a sh ift from the Classical tradition of moral order and stability. Works Cited Aristotle, (1953) Aristotle on the Art of Fiction: an English translation of Aristotles Poetics. Trans. by L. J. Potts. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. Barber, C. L. (1988) Creating Elizabethan Tragedy: the theatre of Marlowe and Kyd. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Bowers, F. T. (1940) Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy 1587-1642. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Brown, J. R. (1962) Theater research and the Criticism of Shakespeare and his Contemporaries Shakespeare Quarterly, 13 Falco, R. (2000) Charismatic Authority in Early Modern English Tragedy. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. Goldberg, D. (1987) Between Worlds: A study of the plays of John Webster, Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Greenblatt, S. (1985) Invisible Bullets: Renaissance Authority and Its Subversion, Henry IV and Henry V in J. Dollimore and A. Sinfield, (eds.), Political Shakespeare: New Essays in Cultural Materialism , pp. 18-47. Manchester: Manchester University Press. - (1980) Renaissance Self-Fashioning: from More to Shakespeare. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Heywood, T. (1973) An Apology for Actors (1612). New York: Garland. (1961) A Woman Killed with Kindness. R. W. Van Fossen (ed). London: Mentheun Co. Kistner, A.L. and Kistner, M.K (1993) Free Choice in The White Devil English Studies, 74, no. 3: 258-267 Marlowe, C. (1993) Doctor Faustus. D. Bevington and E. Rasmussen (eds). Manchester: Manchester University Press. -(1995) Tamburlaine. D. Bevington and E. Rasmussen (eds). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Moretti, F. (1982) A Huge Eclipse: Tragic Form and the Deconsecration of Sovereignty, in The Power of Forms in the English Renaissance, S. Greenblatt (ed). Norman, Oklahoma: Pilgrim Books. Powell, C.L. (1917) English Domestic Relations 1487-1653. New York: Columbia University Press. Sidney, P. (1971) An Apologie for Poetrie. New York: De Capo Press. Webster, J. (1983) The Selected Play of John Webster. J. Dollimore and A. Sinfield (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.